Nmap 是一個開放原始碼的網路掃描與探測工具，可以讓網路管理者掃描整個子網域或主機的連接埠等，功能非常強大。

Nmap（Network Mapper）是一個開放原始碼的網路檢測工具，它的功能非常強大，這裡整理了許多使用範例，讓初學者可以快速上手。

安裝

一般的 Linux 系統通常都會將 Nmap 納入官方的套件庫，如果是 Red Hat 系列的 Linux，可以使用 yum 安裝：

sudo yum install nmap

而如果是 Debian 系列的 Linux 則可使用 apt：

sudo apt-get install nmap

基本主機掃描

Nmap 最基本的用法就是掃描主機是否有開機，並且開啟哪些連接埠：

nmap www.hinet.net

輸出為

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-10-02 08:09 CST
Nmap scan report for www.hinet.net (202.39.253.11)
Host is up (0.0034s latency).
rDNS record for 202.39.253.11: 202-39-253-11.HINET-IP.hinet.net
Not shown: 998 filtered ports
PORT    STATE  SERVICE
80/tcp  open   http
113/tcp closed ident
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 6.05 seconds

也可以直接使用 IP 位址來指定掃描的主機：

nmap 202.39.253.11

如果加上 -v 參數，會有更詳細的輸出：

nmap -v www.hinet.net

輸出為

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-10-02 08:32 CST
Initiating Ping Scan at 08:32
Scanning www.hinet.net (202.39.253.11) [2 ports]
Completed Ping Scan at 08:32, 1.20s elapsed (1 total hosts)
Initiating Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 08:32
Completed Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 08:32, 0.00s elapsed
Initiating Connect Scan at 08:32
Scanning www.hinet.net (202.39.253.11) [1000 ports]
Discovered open port 80/tcp on 202.39.253.11
Completed Connect Scan at 08:32, 4.81s elapsed (1000 total ports)
Nmap scan report for www.hinet.net (202.39.253.11)
Host is up (0.0044s latency).
rDNS record for 202.39.253.11: 202-39-253-11.HINET-IP.hinet.net
Not shown: 998 filtered ports
PORT    STATE  SERVICE
80/tcp  open   http
113/tcp closed ident

Read data files from: /usr/bin/../share/nmap
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 6.13 seconds

掃描多台主機

如果要一次掃描多台主機，就直接把所有的主機名稱都放進 nmap 的參數中即可：

nmap www.hinet.net tw.yahoo.com www.google.com.tw

輸出為

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-10-02 08:36 CST
Nmap scan report for www.hinet.net (202.39.253.11)
Host is up (0.0038s latency).
rDNS record for 202.39.253.11: 202-39-253-11.HINET-IP.hinet.net
Not shown: 998 filtered ports
PORT    STATE  SERVICE
80/tcp  open   http
113/tcp closed ident

Nmap scan report for tw.yahoo.com (202.43.192.109)
Host is up (0.0046s latency).
rDNS record for 202.43.192.109: ir1.fp.vip.tw1.yahoo.com
Not shown: 997 filtered ports
PORT    STATE  SERVICE
80/tcp  open   http
113/tcp closed ident
443/tcp open   https

Nmap scan report for www.google.com.tw (74.125.31.94)
Host is up (0.011s latency).
rDNS record for 74.125.31.94: tb-in-f94.1e100.net
Not shown: 997 filtered ports
PORT    STATE  SERVICE
80/tcp  open   http
113/tcp closed ident
443/tcp open   https

Nmap done: 3 IP addresses (3 hosts up) scanned in 9.97 seconds

您也可以直接使用萬用字元，一次掃描整個子網域：

nmap 192.168.0.*

或是

nmap 192.168.0.0/24

如果您想要掃描 192.168.0.123、192.168.0.124、192.168.0.125 這三台主機，可以寫成這樣：

nmap 192.168.0.123,124,125

如果要掃描子網域中連續的某一段，可以這樣寫：

nmap 192.168.0.123-140

以檔案列表指定主機

nmap 也可以直接從檔案讀取要掃描的主機，假設我們有一個主機列表檔案 hostlist.txt，其內容為：

www.hinet.net
192.168.0.123
www.google.com.tw

然後我們就可以使用 nmap 直接讀取這個檔案內容來進行掃描：

nmap -iL hostlist.txt

排除指定的主機

如果要掃描整個網域，但是要排除某些機器，可以使用 --exclude 參數：

nmap 192.168.0.* --exclude 192.168.0.100

若以檔案方式指定主機，也可以使用 --excludefile 指定排除的列表：

nmap -iL hostlist.txt --excludefile excludelist.txt

偵測作業系統版本

如果要偵測主機的作業系統與各種服務的版本，可以加上 -A 參數：

nmap -A scanme.nmap.org

輸出為

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-10-02 09:37 CST
Nmap scan report for scanme.nmap.org (74.207.244.221)
Host is up (0.14s latency).
Not shown: 990 closed ports
PORT     STATE    SERVICE      VERSION
22/tcp   open     ssh          OpenSSH 5.3p1 Debian 3ubuntu7.11
(Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 1024 8d:60:f1:7c:ca:b7:3d:0a:d6:67:54:9d:69:d9:b9:dd (DSA)
|_2048 79:f8:09:ac:d4:e2:32:42:10:49:d3:bd:20:82:85:ec (RSA)
53/tcp   filtered domain
80/tcp   open     http         Apache httpd 2.2.142
((Ubuntu))
|_http-title: Go ahead and ScanMe!
139/tcp  filtered netbios-ssn
445/tcp  filtered microsoft-ds
6666/tcp filtered irc
6667/tcp filtered irc
6668/tcp filtered irc
6669/tcp filtered irc
9929/tcp open     nping-echo   Nping echo
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel3
Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 58.98 seconds

1SSH 伺服器版本。

2Apache 伺服器版本。

3作業系統類型。

如果只需要作業系統資訊，可以使用 -O 參數：

nmap -O scanme.nmap.org

輸出為

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-10-02 09:44 CST
Nmap scan report for scanme.nmap.org (74.207.244.221)
Host is up (0.14s latency).
Not shown: 990 closed ports
PORT     STATE    SERVICE
22/tcp   open     ssh
53/tcp   filtered domain
80/tcp   open     http
139/tcp  filtered netbios-ssn
445/tcp  filtered microsoft-ds
6666/tcp filtered irc
6667/tcp filtered irc
6668/tcp filtered irc
6669/tcp filtered irc
9929/tcp open     nping-echo
Aggressive OS guesses: Linux 2.6.32 - 3.9 (98%), Linux 2.6.38 - 3.0 (97%), Linux 2.6.32 - 2.6.39 (97%), Netgear DG834G WAP or Western Digital WD TV media player (96%), Linux 2.6.32 - 3.2 (95%), Linux 3.0 - 3.9 (95%), Linux 3.2 (95%), Linux 2.6.32 - 3.6 (95%), Linux 3.1 (95%), AXIS 210A or 211 Network Camera (Linux 2.6) (94%)
No exact OS matches for host (test conditions non-ideal).
Network Distance: 12 hops

OS detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 18.80 seconds

若只需要各種服務的版本：

nmap -sV scanme.nmap.org

輸出為

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-10-02 13:16 CST
Nmap scan report for scanme.nmap.org (74.207.244.221)
Host is up (0.14s latency).
Not shown: 989 closed ports
PORT     STATE    SERVICE      VERSION
22/tcp   open     ssh          OpenSSH 5.3p1 Debian 3ubuntu7.1 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
53/tcp   filtered domain
80/tcp   open     http         Apache httpd 2.2.14 ((Ubuntu))
139/tcp  filtered netbios-ssn
445/tcp  filtered microsoft-ds
1105/tcp filtered ftranhc
6666/tcp filtered irc
6667/tcp filtered irc
6668/tcp filtered irc
6669/tcp filtered irc
9929/tcp open     nping-echo   Nping echo
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 48.03 seconds

測試主機是否有防火牆

Nmap 可以透過 TCP ACK 掃描，偵測主機是否有啟用防火牆：

nmap -sA scanme.nmap.org

輸出為

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-10-02 10:17 CST
Nmap scan report for scanme.nmap.org (74.207.244.221)
Host is up (0.14s latency).
All 1000 scanned ports on scanme.nmap.org (74.207.244.221) are unfiltered

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 2.22 seconds

掃描有防火牆的主機

掃描在防火牆保護下的主機：

nmap -PN scanme.nmap.org

輸出為

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-10-02 10:24 CST
Nmap scan report for scanme.nmap.org (74.207.244.221)
Host is up (0.14s latency).
Not shown: 990 closed ports
PORT     STATE    SERVICE
22/tcp   open     ssh
53/tcp   filtered domain
80/tcp   open     http
139/tcp  filtered netbios-ssn
445/tcp  filtered microsoft-ds
6666/tcp filtered irc
6667/tcp filtered irc
6668/tcp filtered irc
6669/tcp filtered irc
9929/tcp open     nping-echo

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 16.99 seconds

偵測有開機的主機

掃描整個網路，偵測所有有開機的主機（ping scan）：

nmap -sP 140.115.35.0/24

輸出為

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-10-02 11:06 CST
Nmap scan report for mail.atm.ncu.edu.tw (140.115.35.1)
Host is up (0.0018s latency).
Nmap scan report for rain.atm.ncu.edu.tw (140.115.35.4)
Host is up (0.0015s latency).
Nmap scan report for iut.atm.ncu.edu.tw (140.115.35.5)
Host is up (0.0017s latency).
[略]
Nmap scan report for 140.115.35.254
Host is up (0.0047s latency).
Nmap done: 256 IP addresses (117 hosts up) scanned in 3.00 seconds

快速掃描

加快掃描的速度：

nmap -F www.hinet.net

輸出為

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-10-02 10:55 CST
Nmap scan report for www.hinet.net (202.39.253.11)
Host is up (0.0034s latency).
rDNS record for 202.39.253.11: 202-39-253-11.HINET-IP.hinet.net
Not shown: 98 filtered ports
PORT    STATE  SERVICE
80/tcp  open   http
113/tcp closed ident

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 2.19 seconds

另一種方式：

nmap -T5 192.168.1.0/24

指定掃描的連接埠

掃描連接埠 80：

nmap -p 80 192.168.1.1

指定 TCP 連接埠 80：

nmap -p T:80 192.168.1.1

指定 UDP 連接埠 53：

nmap -p U:53 192.168.1.1

掃描兩個連接埠：

nmap -p 80,443 192.168.1.1

指定連接埠範圍：

nmap -p 80-200 192.168.1.1

結合各種參數：

nmap -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080 192.168.1.1
nmap -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080 server1.cyberciti.biz
nmap -v -sU -sT -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080 192.168.1.254

掃描前 10 個常用的連接埠：

nmap --top-ports 10 192.168.1.1

查詢主機名稱

只查詢網域中所有的主機名稱，不做任何主機與連接埠的偵測：

nmap -sL 192.168.1.0/24

參考資料：nixCraft、Linuxaria、Tecmint、Linuxaria